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In English-speaking countries, they have integrative motivation, the desire to learn the language to fit into an English-language culture. They are more likely to want to integrate because they 1. Generally have more friends and family with English language skills. 2. Have immediate financial and economic incentives to learn English. 3.
English Speaking Board (International) Ltd. (ESB) was founded in 1953 as a charitable organisation by Christabel Burniston, a pioneer of a new approach to developing speech and listening skills. Breaking away from the traditional ‘ elocution ’ classes and exams of the era, ESB’s approach was to enable individuals to learn and be tested on ...
As with any language taught for specific purposes, a given course of ESP will focus on one occupation or profession, such as Technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism, etc. [1] Despite the seemingly limited focus, a course of ESP can have a wide-ranging impact, as is the ...
Facilitas – the improvising of effective oral or written language to suit any situation. Feminist rhetoric – rhetorical theory concerned with feminism and its critique of social structures. Figura etymologica – repetition of two etymologically related terms. Forensic rhetoric – speaking in a courtroom.
Effective translation into other languages and cultural contexts requires even more investment by knowledgeable personnel. This is one of the reasons why English is still the dominant language, and fewer open courseware options are available in other languages. [5] The OCW platform SlideWiki [6] addresses these issues through a crowdsourcing ...
While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. [142] Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language.
A contronym is a word with two opposite meanings. For example, the word cleave can mean "to cut apart" or "to bind together". This feature is also called enantiosemy, [1] [2] enantionymy (enantio-means "opposite"), antilogy or autoantonymy. An enantiosemic term is by definition polysemic.
Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes.