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The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).
The form generates the de Rham cohomology group ({}), meaning that any closed form is the sum of an exact form and a multiple of : = + , where = accounts for a non-trivial contour integral around the origin, which is the only obstruction to a closed form on the punctured plane (locally the derivative of a potential function) being the ...
A closed curve is thus the image of a continuous mapping of a circle. A non-closed curve may also be called an open curve. If the domain of a topological curve is a closed and bounded interval = [,], the curve is called a path, also known as topological arc (or just arc).
Closed-form expression, a finitary expression Closed differential form , a differential form α {\displaystyle \alpha } whose exterior derivative d α {\displaystyle d\alpha } is the zero form 0 {\displaystyle 0} , meaning d α = 0 {\displaystyle d\alpha =0} .
By the Jordan curve theorem, a simple closed curve divides the plane into interior and exterior regions, and another equivalent definition of a closed convex curve is that it is a simple closed curve whose union with its interior is a convex set. [9] [17] Examples of open and unbounded convex curves include the graphs of convex functions.
In mathematics, the winding number or winding index of a closed curve in the plane around a given point is an integer representing the total number of times that the curve travels counterclockwise around the point, i.e., the curve's number of turns. For certain open plane curves, the number of turns may be a non-integer.
A general 1-form is a linear combination of these differentials at every point on the manifold: + +, where the f k = f k (x 1, ... , x n) are functions of all the coordinates. A differential 1-form is integrated along an oriented curve as a line integral.
In geometry, a curve of constant width is a simple closed curve in the plane whose width (the distance between parallel supporting lines) is the same in all directions. The shape bounded by a curve of constant width is a body of constant width or an orbiform , the name given to these shapes by Leonhard Euler . [ 1 ]