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First-order logic, a formal logical system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science; First-order predicate, a predicate that takes only individual(s) constants or variables as argument(s) First-order predicate calculus; First-order theorem provers; First-order theory; Monadic first-order logic
Use ordinary first-order logic, but add a new unary predicate "Set", where "Set(t)" means informally "t is a set". Use ordinary first-order logic, and instead of adding a new predicate to the language, treat "Set(t)" as an abbreviation for "∃y t∈y" Some first-order set theories include: Weak theories lacking powersets:
Order statistics have a lot of applications in areas as reliability theory, financial mathematics, survival analysis, epidemiology, sports, quality control, actuarial risk, etc. There is an extensive literature devoted to studies on applications of order statistics in these fields.
Many-sorted first-order logic allows variables to have different sorts, which have different domains. This is also called typed first-order logic, and the sorts called types (as in data type), but it is not the same as first-order type theory. Many-sorted first-order logic is often used in the study of second-order arithmetic. [33]
In microeconomics and contract theory, the first-order approach is a simplifying assumption used to solve models with a principal-agent problem. [1] It suggests that, instead of following the usual assumption that the agent will take an action that is utility-maximizing, the modeller use a weaker constraint, and looks only for actions which satisfy the first-order conditions of the agent's ...
First-order hold (FOH) is a mathematical model of the practical reconstruction of sampled signals that could be done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog circuit called an integrator. For FOH, the signal is reconstructed as a piecewise linear approximation to the original signal that was sampled.
In probability theory, the first-order second-moment (FOSM) method, also referenced as mean value first-order second-moment (MVFOSM) method, is a probabilistic method to determine the stochastic moments of a function with random input variables.
The corresponding first-order theory is the set of sentences that are actually true of the real numbers. There are several different such theories, with different expressive power, depending on the primitive operations that are allowed to be used in the expression.