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0.1 × ( 12 ÷ 8 ) = 0.15 grain per dscf when corrected to a gas having a specified reference CO 2 content of 12 volume %. Notes: Although ppmv and grains per dscf have been used in the above examples, concentrations such as ppbv (i.e., parts per billion by volume), volume percent, grams per dscm and many others may also be used.
Some express the concentrations as ppmv (parts per million by volume) and some express the concentrations as mg/m 3 (milligrams per cubic meter), while others require adjusting or correcting the concentrations to reference conditions of moisture content, oxygen content or carbon dioxide content.
Criteria can be set in different units (e.g. μg/m 3, parts per billion by volume (ppbv), parts per billion by mass (ppb (mass)), parts per million (ppm)) and it is possible to convert between all of these units if the molecular mass of the pollutant and the temperature are known. Different standard temperatures are used throughout the world ...
The amount of pollutant present in air is usually expressed as a concentration, measured in either parts-per notation (usually parts per billion, ppb, or parts per million, ppm, also known as the volume mixing ratio), or micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³).
At 1 ppm the solution is a very pale yellow. As the concentration increases the colour becomes a more vibrant yellow, then orange, with the final 10,000 ppm a deep red colour. In science and engineering , the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities , e.g. mole fraction or ...
9 ppm Nitrogen dioxide 1 hour 0.12 ppm 1 year 0.03 ppm Ozone 1 hour 0.10 ppm 4 hours 0.08 ppm Sulfur dioxide 1 hour 0.20 ppm 1 day 0.08 ppm 1 year 0.02 ppm Lead 1 year 0.50 μg/m 3: PM 10 1 day 50 μg/m 3: 1 year 25 μg/m 3: PM 2.5 1 day 25 μg/m 3: 1 year 8 μg/m 3
The World Health Organization guidelines were most recently updated in 2021. [1] The guidelines offer guidance about these air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), ozone (O 3), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and carbon monoxide (CO). [2]
inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12 800 ppm) [15] 10 −3: mM 0.32–32 mM: normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5) [16] 5.5 mM: upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting [17] 7.8 mM: upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating [17] 10 −2: cM 20 mM