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Tetramer assays are used for single-cell phenotyping and cell counting, and offer an important advantage over other methods, such as ELISPOT and single-cell PCR because they enable the recovery and further study of sorted cells. As a flow-cytometry-based application, tetramers are also easy to use and have a short assay time, similar to ...
A tetramer assay (also known as a tetramer stain) is a procedure that uses tetrameric proteins to detect and quantify T cells that are specific for a given antigen within a blood sample. [1] The tetramers used in the assay are made up of four major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are found on the surface of most cells in the ...
Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or α 2 β 2, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, accounting for over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin. [1] Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein, found in erythrocytes , which transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. [ 2 ]
A tetramer (/ ˈ t ɛ t r ə m ər /) (tetra-, "four" + -mer, "parts") is an oligomer formed from four monomers or subunits. The associated property is called tetramery . An example from inorganic chemistry is titanium methoxide with the empirical formula Ti(OCH 3 ) 4 , which is tetrameric in solid state and has the molecular formula Ti 4 (OCH ...
Tryptophan synthase or tryptophan synthetase is an enzyme (EC 4.2.1.20) that catalyzes the final two steps in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. [1] [2] It is commonly found in Eubacteria, [3] Archaebacteria, [4] Protista, [5] Fungi, [6] and Plantae. [7] However, it is absent from Animalia. [8] It is typically found as an α2β2 tetramer.
Hydrogen bonding networks between subunits has been shown to be important for the stability of the tetrameric quaternary protein structure.For example, a study of SDH which used diverse methods such as protein sequence alignments, structural comparisons, energy calculations, gel filtration experiments and enzyme kinetics experiments, could reveal an important hydrogen bonding network which ...
The HP gene encodes a preproprotein that is processed to yield both alpha and beta chains, which subsequently combines as a tetramer to produce haptoglobin. Haptoglobin functions to bind the free plasma hemoglobin , which allows degradative enzymes to gain access to the hemoglobin while at the same time preventing loss of iron through the ...
Monovalent vs. monomeric Schematic comparing monovalent and monomeric streptavidin. Streptavidin is a tetramer and each subunit binds biotin with equal affinity. Multivalency is an advantage in applications like MHC tetramer staining, where avidity effects improve the ability of MHC molecules attached to streptavidin to detect specific T cells ...