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The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude. [1]
Magnitude response of a low pass filter with 6 dB per octave or 20 dB per decade roll-off. Measuring the frequency response typically involves exciting the system with an input signal and measuring the resulting output signal, calculating the frequency spectra of the two signals (for example, using the fast Fourier transform for discrete signals), and comparing the spectra to isolate the ...
A given function or signal can be converted between the time and frequency domains with a pair of mathematical operators called transforms. An example is the Fourier transform , which converts a time function into a complex valued sum or integral of sine waves of different frequencies, with amplitudes and phases, each of which represents a ...
The Bode magnitude plot is the graph of the function | (=) | of frequency (with being the imaginary unit). The ω {\displaystyle \omega } -axis of the magnitude plot is logarithmic and the magnitude is given in decibels , i.e., a value for the magnitude | H | {\displaystyle |H|} is plotted on the axis at 20 log 10 | H | {\displaystyle 20 ...
ψ is a function of r and t describing the disturbance describing the wave (for example, for an ocean wave, ψ would be the excess height of the water, or for a sound wave, ψ would be the excess air pressure). A is the amplitude of the wave (the peak magnitude of the oscillation), φ is a phase offset,
The difference between an input value and its quantized value (such as round-off error) is referred to as quantization error, noise or distortion. A device or algorithmic function that performs quantization is called a quantizer .
Examples of pulse shapes: (a) rectangular pulse, (b) cosine squared (raised cosine) pulse, (c) Dirac pulse, (d) sinc pulse, (e) Gaussian pulse A pulse in signal processing is a rapid, transient change in the amplitude of a signal from a baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
The term alternating current applies to a voltage vs. time function that is sinusoidal with a frequency f. When it is applied to a typical (linear time-invariant) circuit or device, it causes a current that is also sinusoidal. In general there is a constant phase difference φ between any two sinusoids. The input sinusoidal voltage is usually ...