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In radiation physics, kerma is an acronym for "kinetic energy released per unit mass" (alternately, "kinetic energy released in matter", [1] "kinetic energy released in material", [2] or "kinetic energy released in materials" [3]), defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation (i.e., indirectly ionizing radiation such ...
In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. [1] [2] Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle.
The incoming gamma ray effectively knocks one or more neutrons, protons, or an alpha particle out of the nucleus. [1] The reactions are called (γ,n), (γ,p), and (γ,α), respectively. Photodisintegration is endothermic (energy absorbing) for atomic nuclei lighter than iron and sometimes exothermic (energy releasing) for atomic nuclei heavier ...
kinetic energy of the product particles (fraction of the kinetic energy of the charged nuclear reaction products can be directly converted into electrostatic energy); [5] emission of very high energy photons, called gamma rays; some energy may remain in the nucleus, as a metastable energy level.
For similar decay energies, the recoil from emitting an alpha ray will be much greater than the recoil from emitting a neutrino (upon electron capture) or a gamma ray. For decays that produce two particles as well as the daughter nuclide, the above formulas can be used to find the maximum energy, momentum, or speed of any of the three, by ...
The energy of an ultrarelativistic particle is almost completely due to its kinetic energy = (). The total energy can also be approximated as E = γ m c 2 ≈ p c {\displaystyle E=\gamma mc^{2}\approx pc} where p = γ m v {\displaystyle p=\gamma mv} is the Lorentz invariant momentum .
This equation states that the kinetic energy (E k) is equal to the integral of the dot product of the momentum (p) of a body and the infinitesimal change of the velocity (v) of the body. It is assumed that the body starts with no kinetic energy when it is at rest (motionless).
High-energy (from 80 GeV to ~10 TeV) gamma rays arriving from far-distant quasars are used to estimate the extragalactic background light in the universe: The highest-energy rays interact more readily with the background light photons and thus the density of the background light may be estimated by analyzing the incoming gamma ray spectra.