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When I returned, John had been at the shops for three hours. (he was still there) Been is used in such sentences in combination with to as if it were a verb of motion (being followed by adverbial phrases of motion), which is different from its normal uses as part of the copula verb be. Compare: Sue has been to the beach. (as above; Sue went to ...
In English grammar, the pluperfect (e.g. "had written") is now usually called the past perfect, since it combines past tense with perfect aspect. (The same term is sometimes used in relation to the grammar of other languages.) English also has a past perfect progressive (or past perfect continuous) form: "had been writing".
The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.
"The interrogative pronoun hwā 'who, what' had only singular forms and also only distinguished between non-neuter and neuter, the neuter nominative form being hwæt". [14] Note that neuter and non-neuter refers to the grammatical gender system of the time, rather than the so-called natural gender system of today.
The form "were" can also be used with an infinitive to form a future less vivid conditional. [3] Future Less Vivid: If I were to be king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon. Counterfactuals can also use the pluperfect instead of the past tense. Conditional perfect: If you had called me, I would have come.
In British English (BrE), collective nouns can take either singular (formal agreement) or plural (notional agreement) verb forms, according to whether the emphasis is on the body as a whole or on the individual members, respectively; compare a committee was appointed with the committee were unable to agree.