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  2. Neurotransmitter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter

    A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to ... via chemical messengers ... synapses in the brain and spinal cord. It is also used at most ...

  3. Neurosecretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosecretion

    Neurosecretion is the release of extracellular vesicles and particles from neurons, astrocytes, microglial and other cells of the central nervous system.These neurohormones, produced by neurosecretory cells, are normally secreted from nerve cells in the brain that then circulate into the blood.

  4. Endocrine system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

    Autocrine signaling is a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cells.

  5. Nervous system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system

    Nerves that exit from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. The nervous system consists of nervous tissue which, at a cellular level, is defined by the presence of a special type of cell, called the neuron. Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly ...

  6. Spinal cord - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

    Sectional organization of spinal cord. The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. [3] [4] Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous ...

  7. Excitatory synapse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory_synapse

    Chemical synaptic transmission is the transfer of neurotransmitters or neuropeptides from a presynaptic axon to a postsynaptic dendrite. [3] Unlike an electrical synapse, the chemical synapses are separated by a space called the synaptic cleft, typically measured between 15 and 25 nm. Transmission of an excitatory signal involves several steps ...

  8. Neuromodulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation

    Electrical neuromodulation has three subcategories: deep brain, spinal cord, and transcranial, each aiming to treat specific conditions. Deep brain stimulation involves electrodes being surgically implanted into specific sections of the brain that are commonly responsible for movement and motor control deficiencies and disorders like Parkinson ...

  9. Sympathoadrenal system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

    The two main chemical messengers of the sympathoadrenal system are norepinephrine and epinephrine (also called noradrenaline and adrenaline respectively). These chemicals are created by the adrenal glands after receiving neuronal signals from the sympathetic nervous system. The different physiological effects of these chemicals depend on the ...