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  2. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    This is not the usual way to specify slope; this nonstandard expression follows the sine function rather than the tangent function, so it calls a 45 degree slope a 71 percent grade instead of a 100 percent. But in practice the usual way to calculate slope is to measure the distance along the slope and the vertical rise, and calculate the ...

  3. Ruling gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_gradient

    The term ruling grade is usually used as a synonym for "steepest climb" between two points on a railroad. More simply, the steepest grade to be climbed dictates how powerful the motive power (or how light the train) must be in order for the run to be made without assistance. Even if 99% of the line could be run with a low-powered (and ...

  4. Slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope

    Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.

  5. List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steepest_gradients...

    Incline from the Causeway Street Tunnel up to the Lechmere Viaduct on the Green Line (MBTA), Boston, Massachusetts, United States [15] This incline is commonly believed to be the "steepest grade of tracks in the T system." [16] 1 in 15.9 (6.3%) Alishan Forest Railway, Taiwan: 1 in 16.4 (6.1%) Hunsrückbahn, Germany: Built as a rack railway.

  6. Stream gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gradient

    Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream.It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. [1] It is a dimensionless quantity, usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).

  7. Topographic Abney level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_Abney_Level

    Abney levels typically include scales graduated in measure degrees of arc, percent grade, and in topographic Abney levels, grade in feet per surveyor's chain, and chainage correction. The latter is the cosine of the angle, used to convert distances measured along the slope to horizontal distances. By using trigonometry the user of an Abney ...

  8. Geometric design of roads - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads

    The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them. The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement structure and other items outside ...

  9. Grading (earthworks) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(earthworks)

    Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.