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USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to exchange data and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports and has become commonplace on various devices.
As with earlier versions of USB, USB 3.0 provides power at 5 volts nominal. The available current for low-power (one unit load) SuperSpeed devices is 150 mA, an increase from the 100 mA defined in USB 2.0. For high-power SuperSpeed devices, the limit is six unit loads or 900 mA (4.5 W)—almost twice USB 2.0's 500 mA.
PoweredUSB uses a more complex connector than standard USB, maintaining the standard connector of USB 1.x and USB 2.0 interface for data communications and adding a second connector for power. Physically, it is essentially two connectors stacked such that the bottom connector accepts a standard USB plug and the top connector takes a power plug.
USB-C cables can carry more power so laptops can be charged faster, and they enable faster data transfer speeds, allowing a big trove of files to be copied from a computer to an external hard drive.
Such a cable is non-standard, with the USB compliance specification stating that "use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs) is prohibited on any USB peripheral", meaning that "if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed, then it must be self-powered."
The written USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008. The first USB 3.0 controller chips were sampled by NEC in May 2009, [4] and the first products using the USB 3.0 specification arrived in January 2010. [5] USB 3.0 connectors are generally backward compatible, but include new wiring and full-duplex operation.
The USB 3.x family has had the same technical notation retroactively added in the USB 3.1 and USB 3.2 specification versions. Though this shows common principles and the same generations refer to the same nominal speeds, "Gen A" does not have the same exact meaning in both USB 3.x and USB4 specifications.
Power Management: xHCI includes advanced power management features that allow for selective suspension of USB devices and more granular power distribution. This is especially beneficial for mobile devices with limited battery life, such as tablets and smartphones, as it helps to maximize power utilization and extend battery life.