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The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence : the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~10 11 neurons, ~10 14 synapses) of a complex system leads to ...
The general layout or body plan of the pallium is already clearly defined in animals with relatively simple brains, including lampreys, sharks and amphibians. In teleost fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, the pallial architecture is greatly modified (sharply diverging in fish), with differential growth and specialization of diverse sectors of the conserved pallial Bauplan.
Shark anatomy differs from that of bony fish in a variety of ways. Variation observed within shark anatomy is a potential result of speciation and habitat variation.
Cross-section of the brain of a porbeagle shark, with the cerebellum highlighted in blue. The circuits in the cerebellum are similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. [80] There is also an analogous brain structure in cephalopods with well-developed brains, such as octopuses. [81]
A female bottlenose dolphin performing with her trainer. They are considered one of the most intelligent cetaceans. Cetacean intelligence is the overall intelligence and derived cognitive ability of aquatic mammals belonging in the infraorder Cetacea (cetaceans), including baleen whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Sharks possess brain-to-body mass ratios that are similar to mammals and birds, [89] and have exhibited apparent curiosity and behavior resembling play in the wild. [90] [91] There is evidence that juvenile lemon sharks can use observational learning in their investigation of novel objects in their environment. [92]
In some species, including fish and birds, the optic tectum, also known as the optic lobe, is one of the largest components of the brain. In hagfish, lamprey, and shark it is a relatively small structure, but in teleost fish it is greatly expanded, in some cases becoming the largest structure in the brain. In amphibians, reptiles, and ...
The main anatomical regions of the vertebrate brain, shown for shark and human. The same parts are present, but they differ greatly in size and shape. Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area.