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This is a property which is most often used in algebra, especially in solving systems of equations, but is apllied in nearly every area of math that uses equality. This, taken together with the reflexive property of equality, forms the axioms of equality in first-order logic.
The operation-application property was also stated in Peano's Arithmetices principia, [14] however, it had been common practice in algebra since at least Diophantus (c. 250 AD). [17] The substitution property is generally attributed to Gottfried Leibniz (c. 1686).
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
Substitution, written M[x := N], is the process of replacing all free occurrences of the variable x in the expression M with expression N. Substitution on terms of the lambda calculus is defined by recursion on the structure of terms, as follows (note: x and y are only variables while M and N are any lambda expression): x[x := N] = N
The substitution rule states that for any φ and any term t, one can conclude φ[t/x] from φ provided that no free variable of t becomes bound during the substitution process. (If some free variable of t becomes bound, then to substitute t for x it is first necessary to change the bound variables of φ to differ from the free variables of t .)
Let F be a free ring (that is, free algebra over the integers) with the set X of symbols, that is, F consists of polynomials with integral coefficients in noncommuting variables that are elements of X. A free ring satisfies the universal property: any function from the set X to a ring R factors through F so that F → R is the unique ring ...
The converse of this axiom follows from the substitution property of equality. 2) Axiom Schema of Specification (or Separation or Restricted Comprehension ): If z is a set and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is any property which may be satisfied by all, some, or no elements of z , then there exists a subset y of z containing just those elements x in ...
Penrose and John H. Conway investigated the properties of Penrose tilings, and discovered that a substitution property explained their hierarchical nature; their findings were publicized by Martin Gardner in his January 1977 "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American. [23]