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Reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS), also known as reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM), is a computer hardware engineering term involving reliability engineering, high availability, and serviceability design. The phrase was originally used by IBM as a term to describe the robustness of their mainframe computers.
RAMP Simulation Software for Modelling Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) is a computer software application developed by WS Atkins specifically for the assessment of the reliability, availability, maintainability and productivity characteristics of complex systems that would otherwise prove too difficult, cost too much or take too long to study analytically.
The 640 KiB limit imposed great complexity on hardware and software intended to circumvent it; the physical memory in a machine could be organized as a combination of base or conventional memory (including lower memory), upper memory, high memory (not the same as upper memory), extended memory, and expanded memory, all handled in different ways.
Expanded memory could be simulated in software. The first software expanded-memory management (emulation) program was CEMM, available in September 1986 as a utility for the Compaq Deskpro 386. A popular and well-featured commercial solution was Quarterdeck's QEMM. A contender was Qualitas' 386 MAX.
Extended memory is located above 1 MB, includes the high memory area, and ends at 16 MB on the Intel 286 and at 4 GB on the Intel 386DX and later.. In DOS memory management, extended memory refers to memory above the first megabyte (2 20 bytes) of address space in an IBM PC or compatible with an 80286 or later processor.
386 MAX (originally 386 to the Max, later Qualitas MAX) is a computer memory manager for DOS-based personal computers. [1] It competed with Quarterdeck's QEMM memory manager. It was manufactured by Qualitas. BlueMax was a special version designed for the IBM PS/2 with ROM compression to get the most of the Upper Memory Blocks.
Compression Attached Memory Module (CAMM) is a memory module form factor which uses a land grid array, and developed at Dell by engineer Tom Schnell as a replacement for DIMMs and SO-DIMMs which use edge connectors and had been in use for about 25 years. [1] The first SO-DIMMs were introduced by JEDEC in 1997. [2] [3] [4] [5]
Some RAM drives when used with 32-bit operating systems (particularly 32-bit Microsoft Windows) on computers with IBM PC architecture allow memory above the 4 GB point in the memory map, if present, to be used; this memory is unmanaged and not normally accessible. [2] Software using unmanaged memory can cause stability problems.