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The core concept behind fetal circulation is that fetal hemoglobin (HbF) [14] has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin, which, together with the difference in partial pressure of oxygen, allows a diffusion of oxygen from the mother's circulatory system to the fetus.
Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α 2 γ 2) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus. Hemoglobin F is found in fetal red blood cells , and is involved in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to organs and tissues in the fetus.
It is estimated that less than 1ml of fetal blood is lost to the maternal circulation during normal labour in around 96% of normal deliveries. [1] [2] The loss of this small amount of blood may however be a sensitising event and stimulate antibody production to the foetal red blood cells, an example of which is Rhesus disease of the newborn.
Umbilical cord compression can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord, [16] a knot in the cord, [16] or a nuchal cord, [16] (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck) [17] but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation. Velamentous cord insertion; Single umbilical artery; Umbilical ...
When the baby is born, the lungs are needed for oxygen transfer and need high blood flow which is encouraged by low PVR. The failure of the circulatory system of the newborn to adapt to these changes by lowering PVR leads to persistent fetal circulation. [2] The newborn is therefore born with elevated PVR, which leads to pulmonary hypertension.
A method of external (noninvasive) fetal monitoring (EFM) during childbirth is cardiotocography (CTG), using a cardiotocograph that consists of two sensors: The heart (cardio) sensor is an ultrasonic sensor, similar to a Doppler fetal monitor, that continuously emits ultrasound and detects motion of the fetal heart by the characteristic of the ...
The placenta (pl.: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation.It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important endocrine organ, producing hormones that regulate both maternal and fetal ...
A study of 32 normal pregnancies showed that fetal heart motion was visible at a mean human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level of 10,000 UI/L (range 8650–12,200). [19] Obstetric ultrasonography can also use Doppler technique on key vessels such as the umbilical artery to detect abnormal flow. Doppler fetal monitor