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A hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of metal profile with a hollow cross section. The term is used predominantly in the United States, or other countries which follow US construction or engineering terminology. HSS members can be circular, square, or rectangular sections, although other shapes such as elliptical are also available.
HSS-Shape (Hollow structural section also known as SHS (structural hollow section) and including square, rectangular, circular and elliptical cross sections) Angle (L-shaped cross-section) Structural channel, or {C-beam, or 'C' cross-section; Tee (T-shaped cross-section) Rail profile (asymmetrical Ɪ-beam) Railway rail; Vignoles rail; Flanged ...
The plastic section modulus is used to calculate a cross-section's capacity to resist bending after yielding has occurred across the entire section. It is used for determining the plastic, or full moment, strength and is larger than the elastic section modulus, reflecting the section's strength beyond the elastic range.
For non-circular cross-sections, there are no exact analytical equations for finding the torsion constant. However, approximate solutions have been found for many shapes. Non-circular cross-sections always have warping deformations that require numerical methods to allow for the exact calculation of the torsion constant. [2]
The voids are positioned in the middle of the cross section, where concrete is least beneficial to the structure. The integrity of the solid layers is maintained, as the top and bottom of the slab can experience particularly high stresses. This enables the slab to effectively resist both positive and negative bending moments. [2]
Hollow-core slabs and wall elements without prestressed steel wire can be formed by extruders. The size of these elements will typically range in width from 600 to 2400 mm, in thickness from 150 to 500 mm, and can be delivered in lengths of up to 24 m. [1] The voids of the hollow core can be used as conduit for installations.
The Euler–Bernoulli beam equation shows that the Ɪ-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced capacity in the transverse direction, and is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often ...
For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is a circle, then the object is called a torus. The term toroid is also used to describe a toroidal polyhedron. In this context a toroid need not be circular and may have any number of holes.