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Mathematically, the LM curve is defined by the equation / = (,), where the supply of money is represented as the real amount M/P (as opposed to the nominal amount M), with P representing the price level, and L being the real demand for money, which is some function of the interest rate and the level of real income.
In macroeconomics, money supply (or money stock) refers to the total volume of money held by the public at a particular point in time. There are several ways to define "money", but standard measures usually include currency in circulation (i.e. physical cash ) and demand deposits (depositors' easily accessed assets on the books of financial ...
The measure of the velocity of money is usually the ratio of the gross national product (GNP) to a country's money supply. If the velocity of money is increasing, then transactions are occurring between individuals more frequently. [3] The velocity of money changes over time and is influenced by a variety of factors. [4] Because of the nature ...
In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation: = where, for a given period, is the total money supply in circulation on average in an economy. is the velocity of money, that is the average frequency with which a unit of money is spent.
I is real physical investment, including intended inventory investment; G is real government spending (an exogenous variable) M is the exogenous nominal money supply; P is the exogenous price level; i is the nominal interest rate; L is liquidity preference (real money demand) T is real taxes levied; NX is real net exports
For example, the velocity of money is defined as nominal GDP / nominal money supply; it has units of (dollars / year) / dollars = 1/year. In discrete time , the change in a stock variable from one point in time to another point in time one time unit later (the first difference of the stock) is equal to the corresponding flow variable per unit ...
The equation for the AD curve in general terms can be written as: = (,,,), where Y is real GDP, M is the nominal money supply, P is the price level, G is real government spending, T is real taxes levied, and Z 1 any other variables that affect aggregate demand. [11]
In this case inflation in the long run is a purely monetary phenomenon; a monetary policy which targets the money supply can stabilize the economy and ensure a non-variable inflation rate. This analysis however breaks down if the demand for money is not stable – for example, if velocity in the above equation is not constant.