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Karl Eberhard Zwicker (15 January 1924, in Öhringen, Germany – 22 November 1990, in Icking) was a German acoustics scientist and full professor at the Technical University of Munich. Zwicker studied physics and electrical engineering at the University of Stuttgart and was an assistant of Richard Feldtkeller [ de ] .
Psychoacoustics is the branch of psychophysics involving the scientific study of the perception of sound by the human auditory system. It is the branch of science studying the psychological responses associated with sound including noise , speech , and music .
A440 Play ⓘ. 440 Hz = 4.21 or 4.39. The Bark scale is a psychoacoustical scale proposed by Eberhard Zwicker in 1961. It is named after Heinrich Barkhausen, who proposed the first subjective measurements of loudness. [1]
A Zwicker tone is a short-term auditory illusion which resembles tinnitus (ringing of the ears). It was discovered in 1964 by Eberhard Zwicker at Bell Labs. [1] The Zwicker tone can be described as follows: while listening to broadband noise ("white noise") with a spectral gap, if it is switched off, a faint tone lasting for several seconds can be heard.
A complete model of the perception of loudness will include the integration of SPL by frequency. [ 5 ] Historically, loudness was measured using an ear-balancing method with an audiometer in which the amplitude of a sine wave was adjusted by the user to equal the perceived loudness of the sound being evaluated. [ 6 ]
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In audiology and psychoacoustics the concept of critical bands, introduced by Harvey Fletcher in 1933 [1] and refined in 1940, [2] describes the frequency bandwidth of the "auditory filter" created by the cochlea, the sense organ of hearing within the inner ear.
Lloyd Alexander Jeffress (November 15, 1900 – April 2, 1986) [1] was an acoustical scientist, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, [1] and a developer of mine-hunting models for the US Navy during World War II and after, [2] Jeffress was known to psychologists for his pioneering research on auditory masking in psychoacoustics, his stimulus-oriented ...