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Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is an inorganic compound with the formula Na 2 S 2 O 3 ·(H 2 O) x. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate (x = 5), which is a white solid that dissolves well in water. The compound is a reducing agent and a ligand, and these properties underpin its applications. [2]
Fixation is commonly achieved by treating the film or paper with a solution of thiosulfate salt. Popular salts are sodium thiosulfate—commonly called hypo—and ammonium thiosulfate—commonly used in modern rapid fixer formulae. [1] Fixation by thiosulfate involves these chemical reactions (X = halide, typically Br −): [2]
Sodium thiosulfate is a classical antidote to cyanide poisoning, [10] For this purpose it is used after the medication sodium nitrite and typically only recommended for severe cases. [4] [6] It is given by injection into a vein. [4] In this use, sodium nitrite creates methemoglobinemia which removes cyanide from mitochondria. [6]
Thiosulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula S 2 O 2− 3.Thiosulfate also refers to the compounds containing this anion, which are the salts of thiosulfuric acid, such as sodium thiosulfate Na 2 S 2 O 3 and ammonium thiosulfate (NH 4) 2 S 2 O 3.
(B – S) is the difference between the volumes, in mL, of sodium thiosulfate required for the blank and for the sample, respectively; N is the normality of sodium thiosulfate solution in Eq/ L; 12.69 is the conversion factor from mEq sodium thiosulfate to grams of iodine (the molecular weight of iodine is 126.9 g/mol);
The advantages of this approach are that (i) thiosulfate is far less toxic than cyanide and (ii) that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate. One problem with this alternative process is the high consumption of thiosulfate, which is more expensive than cyanide.
These salts are often generated by oxidation of thiosulfate. For example, tetrathionate is obtained by oxidation of thiosulfate ion with iodine (reaction is used in iodometry): S 2 O 2− 3 + I 2 → S 4 O 2− 6 + 2 I −. More specialized routes involve reactions of sulfur chlorides with bisulfite salts: SCl 2 + 2 HSO − 3 → [O 3 SSSO 3] 2 ...
Normality is defined as the number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one liter of solution.The SI unit of normality is equivalents per liter (Eq/L). = where N is normality, m sol is the mass of solute in grams, EW sol is the equivalent weight of solute, and V soln is the volume of the entire solution in liters.