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Macular hypoplasia (or foveal hypoplasia) is a rare medical condition involving the underdevelopment of the macula, [1] a small area on the retina (the eye's internal surface) responsible for seeing in detail and sensing light. [2] Macular hypoplasia is often associated with albinism. [1]
The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) [1] or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo , foveola , foveal avascular zone , fovea , parafovea , and perifovea areas.
The foveola is located within a region called the macula, a yellowish, cone photoreceptor filled portion of the human retina.Approximately 0.35 mm in diameter, the foveola lies in the center of the fovea and contains only cone cells and a cone-shaped zone of Müller cells. [1]
The area of the macula constitutes only about 2.1% of the retina, and the remaining 97.9% (the peripheral field) remains unaffected by the disease. Even though the macula provides such a small fraction of the visual field, almost half of the visual cortex is devoted to processing macular information. [14]
The spot to the left of the centre is the macula. The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact. The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole. [1] The fundus can be examined by ophthalmoscopy [1] and/or fundus photography.
Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and optic disc. Perifovea is a region in the retina that circumscribes the parafovea and fovea and is a part of the macula lutea. [1] The perifovea is a belt that covers a 10° radius around the fovea and is 1.5 mm wide.
The onset of symptoms and the severity of vision loss vary widely. The adult-onset form begins later, usually in middle age, and tends to cause relatively mild vision loss. The two forms of vitelliform macular dystrophy each have characteristic changes in the macula that can be detected during an eye examination.
The central part of the retina where the light rays are focused after passing through the pupil and the lens is a circular area called the macula. The center of this circular area is the fovea. The fovea and a small area surrounding it are not supplied by the central retinal artery or its branches, but instead by the choroid.