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The tone contours of Mandarin Chinese. In the convention for Chinese, 1 is low and 5 is high. The corresponding tone letters are ˥, ˧˥, ˨˩˦, ˥˩. A series of iconic tone letters based on a musical staff was devised by Yuen Ren Chao in the 1920s [2] by adding a reference stave to the existing convention of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Visualization with paper sizes in formats A0 to A8, exhibited at the science museum CosmoCaixa Barcelona An A4 paper sheet folded into two A5 size pages. ISO 216 is an international standard for paper sizes, used around the world except in North America and parts of Latin America.
Although tone diacritics and tone letters are presented as equivalent on the chart, "this was done only to simplify the layout of the chart. The two sets of symbols are not comparable in this way." [82] Using diacritics, a high tone is é and a low tone is è ; in tone letters, these are e˥ and e˩ .
Modifier Tone Letters is a Unicode block containing tone markings for Chinese, Chinantec, Africanist, and other phonetic transcriptions. It does not contain the standard IPA tone marks, which are found in Spacing Modifier Letters .
The syntax of modern tone indicators stems from /s, which has long been used on the internet to denote sarcasm. [4] This symbol is an abbreviated version of the earlier /sarcasm, itself a simplification of </sarcasm>, the form of a humorous XML closing tag marking the end of a "sarcasm" block, and therefore placed at the end of a sarcastic ...
Tone should always be included in the transcriptions of tonal languages. Because tone numbers are ambiguous—the reader may not know whether [ma4] is supposed to be high tone, low tone, or a tone number, for example—IPA transcriptions should use diacritic marks ([má]) or tone letters ([ma˦]), unless the article explains the numbering system.
Traditionally, a number of different sizes were defined for large sheets of paper, and paper sizes were defined by the sheet name and the number of times it had been folded. Thus a full sheet of "royal" paper was 25 × 20 inches, and "royal octavo" was this size folded three times, so as to make eight sheets, and was thus 10 × 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches.
For example, "agate" and "ruby" used to be a single size "agate ruby" of about 5 points; [2] metal type known as "agate" later ranged from 5 to 5.8 points. The sizes were gradually standardized as described above. [3] Modern Chinese typography uses the following names in general preference to stating the number of points.