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A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced by one half. [1] HVL can also be expressed in terms of air kerma rate (AKR), rather than intensity: the half-value layer is the thickness of specified material that, "attenuates the beam of radiation to an extent such that the AKR is reduced ...
The half-value layer (HVL) is the thickness of a layer of material required to reduce the radiant flux of the transmitted radiation to half its incident magnitude. The half-value layer is about 69% (ln 2) of the penetration depth. Engineers use these equations predict how much shielding thickness is required to attenuate radiation to acceptable ...
This concept is closely related to half-value layer (HVL): a material with a thickness of one HVL will attenuate 50% of photons. A standard x-ray image is a transmission image, an image with negative logarithm of its intensities is sometimes called a number of mean free paths image.
Materials for shielding gamma rays are typically measured by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one half (the half-value layer or HVL). For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead to reduce their intensity by 50% will also have their intensity reduced in half by 4.1 cm of granite rock, 6 cm (2.5 ...
These factors are reflected in the beam's half-value layer (HVL), measured in-air under conditions of "good geometry". A typical superficial X-ray energy might be 100 kVp per 3 mmAl – "100 kilovolts applied to the X-ray tube with a measured half-value layer of 3 millimeters of aluminum".
A collimator in this instance is most commonly made of tungsten, and is rated according to how many half value layers it contains, i.e., how many times it reduces undesirable radiation by half. For instance, the thinnest walls on the sides of a 4 HVL tungsten collimator 13 mm (0.52 in) thick will reduce the intensity of radiation passing ...
A Technic for Cross-Calibration of X-Ray Units Utilizing Half-Value-Layer Determinations [5] Jacobs, Melville L.; Pape, Leon Dosimetry for a Total-Body Irradiation Chamber [6] Springer, Elliott B.; Pape, Leon; Elsner, Fred; Jacobs, Melville L. High-Energy Radiography (Cobalt 60 and Cesium 137) for Tumor Localization and Treatment Planning [7]
Grenz rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum comprising low energy (ultrasoft) X-rays.These were first investigated by Gustav Bucky in 1923 using a cathode vacuum tube with a lithium borate glass window, which he labeled Grenz rays as he believed that the biological effects resembled those of UV light and traditional X-rays and hence were on the border between the two (Grenz = border in ...