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The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve (itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)). [1] It arises in the pterygopalatine fossa . It passes through the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit. [ 2 ]
Infraorbital nerve enlargement (IONE) is considered to be a particularly suspicious sign of IgG4-ROD, but seems to occur only when inflammation is in direct contact with the infraorbital canal. [10] IONE is defined as the infraorbital nerve diameter being greater than the optic nerve diameter in the coronal plane .
It branches from the infraorbital nerve within the infraorbital canal [1] [2] at around the midpoint of this canal and enters the canalis sinuosus.It passes through towards the nose before passing inferior-ward and ramifying [2] into branches which innervate the upper/maxillary incisor and canine teeth; [1] [2] it usually innervates all the anterior teeth.
The deep branches pass beneath the zygomaticus and the quadratus labii superioris, supplying them and forming an infraorbital plexus with the infraorbital branch of the maxillary nerve. These branches also supply the small muscles of the nose .
The nerves arise from the trunk of [citation needed] the maxillary nerve (CN V 2) within the pterygopalatine fossa [1]: 496 just before it enters the infraorbital groove. [ citation needed ] The nerve arises as a single trunk which split into 2-3 nerves within the pterygopalatine fossa.
The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (malar branches) are nerves of the face. They run across the zygomatic bone to the lateral angle of the orbit. Here, they supply the orbicularis oculi muscle, and join with filaments from the lacrimal nerve and the zygomaticofacial branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V 2).
The ramifications of the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve—at the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen—are distributed on a vertical line (in anterior view) passing through the middle of the pupil. The infraorbital foramen is used as a pressure point to test the sensitivity of the infraorbital nerve. [2]
The middle superior alveolar nerve or middle superior dental nerve is a nerve that drops from the infraorbital portion of the maxillary nerve to supply the sinus mucosa, the roots of the maxillary premolars, and the mesiobuccal root of the first maxillary molar.