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Epigenetic alterations can accompany DNA repair of oxidative damage or double-strand breaks. In human cells, oxidative DNA damage occurs about 10,000 times a day and DNA double-strand breaks occur about 10 to 50 times a cell cycle in somatic replicating cells (see DNA damage (naturally occurring)). The selective advantage of DNA repair is to ...
Bile acids cause DNA damage, including oxidative DNA damage, double-strand DNA breaks, aneuploidy and chromosome breakage. [55] High-normal levels of the bile acid deoxycholic acid cause apoptosis in human colon cells, [ 56 ] but may also lead to colon cancer if repair and apoptotic defenses are insufficient.
DNA oxidation is the process of oxidative damage of deoxyribonucleic acid.As described in detail by Burrows et al., [1] 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) is the most common oxidative lesion observed in duplex DNA because guanine has a lower one-electron reduction potential than the other nucleosides in DNA.
Ordinarily, deficient expression of a DNA repair enzyme results in increased un-repaired DNA damages which, through replication errors (translesion synthesis), lead to mutations and cancer. However, XRCC1 mediated MMEJ repair is directly mutagenic, so in this case, over-expression, rather than under-expression, apparently leads to cancer.
Nucleotide excision repair is one of the main mechanisms used to remove bulky adducts from DNA lesions caused by chemotherapy drugs, environmental mutagens, and most importantly UV radiation. [9] This mechanism functions by releasing a short damage containing oligonucleotide from the DNA site, and then that gap is filled in and repaired by NER ...
MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) is an important cancer biomarker because it is involved in the repair of DNA damage and is often silenced or inactivated in cancer cells. The loss of MGMT function leads to a higher rate of mutations, promoting the formation and progression of tumors.
Individuals with an inherited impairment in DNA repair capability are often at increased risk of cancer. [45] When a mutation is present in a DNA repair gene, the repair gene will either not be expressed or be expressed in an altered form. Then the repair function will likely be deficient, and, as a consequence, damages will tend to accumulate.
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).