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Fig.5: Graph of frequency aliasing, showing folding frequency and periodicity. Frequencies above f s /2 have an alias below f s /2, whose value is given by this graph. Two complex sinusoids, colored gold and cyan, that fit the same sets of real and imaginary sample points when sampled at the rate ( f s ) indicated by the grid lines.
In this example, f s is the sampling rate, and 0.5 cycle/sample × f s is the corresponding Nyquist frequency. The black dot plotted at 0.6 f s represents the amplitude and frequency of a sinusoidal function whose frequency is 60% of the sample rate. The other three dots indicate the frequencies and amplitudes of three other sinusoids that ...
The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is an essential principle for digital signal processing linking the frequency range of a signal and the sample rate required to avoid a type of distortion called aliasing. The theorem states that the sample rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing.
The corresponding frequency limit, in cycles per second , is cycle/sample × samples/second = /, known as the Nyquist frequency of the sampler. Therefore, s ( t ) {\displaystyle s(t)} is usually the output of a low-pass filter , functionally known as an anti-aliasing filter .
Reduce high-frequency signal components with a digital lowpass filter. Decimate the filtered signal by M; that is, keep only every M th sample. Step 2 alone creates undesirable aliasing (i.e. high-frequency signal components will copy into the lower frequency band and be mistaken for lower frequencies). Step 1, when necessary, suppresses ...
Because of this, sampling functions and digital signal processing functions which change sample rates usually require bandlimiting filters to control the amount of aliasing distortion. Bandlimiting filters should be designed carefully to manage other distortions because they alter the signal of interest in both its frequency domain magnitude ...
Important signals of this sort include a radio's intermediate-frequency (IF), radio-frequency (RF) signal, and the individual channels of a filter bank. If n > 1, then the conditions result in what is sometimes referred to as undersampling , bandpass sampling , or using a sampling rate less than the Nyquist rate (2 f H ).
The frequency axis has units of FFT "bins" when the window of length N is applied to data and a transform of length N is computed. For instance, the value at frequency 1 / 2 "bin" is the response that would be measured in bins k and k + 1 to a sinusoidal signal at frequency k + 1 / 2 . It is relative to the maximum possible ...