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In 2019 three Jews in Egypt applied for Spanish citizenship [90] In April 2021, one of the last members of the community, Albert Arie, died aged 90; he had converted to Islam, married an Egyptian Muslim woman, and was buried as a Muslim. [91] One of the four remaining Jews in Egypt, Reb Yosef Ben-Gaon of Alexandria, died in November 2021. [92]
Jewish slave owners were found mostly in business or domestic settings, rather than on plantations, so most of the slave ownership was in an urban context—running a business or as domestic servants. [158] [159] Jewish slave owners freed their black slaves at about the same rate as non-Jewish slave owners. [13]
During the Islamic history of Egypt, slaves were mainly of three categories: male slaves used for soldiers and bureaucrats, female slaves used for sexual slavery as concubines, and female slaves and eunuchs used for domestic service in harems and private households. At the end of the period, there was a growing agricultural slavery.
One type of slavery in ancient Egypt granted captives the promise of an afterlife. Ushabtis were funerary figures buried with deceased Egyptians. Historians have concluded these figures represent an ideology of earthly persons' loyalty and bond to a master. Evidence of ushabtis shows great relevance to a slavery-type system.
Some of the Jews sold into slavery later had their freedom bought by Jewish communities in Italy and Egypt, and the redeemed slaves were taken to Egypt. Some Jewish prisoners of war were also deported to Apulia in southern Italy. [101] [102] [103]
The series includes three volumes, published between 1944 and 1970, describing the history of the Jewish communities in Egypt and Syria and their leaders during the Mamluk rule, from 1250 CE (the murder of the last Ayyubid amir Turanshah and the takeover of rule in Egypt by the Bahri Mamluks) until 1517 (the Ottoman conquest of Egypt). In the ...
He said, “For centuries, Jews have been persecuted, brutalized by antisemitism and violently thrown out of country after country.” He went on to list some of the nations that had “violently ...
Slavery was the direct result of poverty. People also sold themselves into slavery because they were poor peasants and needed food and shelter. Slaves only attempted escape when their treatment was unusually harsh. For many, being a slave in Egypt made them better off than a freeman elsewhere. [13]