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By the 12th century, parchment and paper were in use in the Byzantine Empire, but papyrus was still an option. [11] Until the middle of the 19th century, only some isolated documents written on papyrus were known, and museums simply showed them as curiosities. [12] They did not contain literary works. [13]
Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in China. [4] Papyrus is prepared by cutting off thin ribbon-like strips of the pith (interior) of the Cyperus papyrus plant and then laying out the ...
The history of scrolls dates back to ancient Egypt. In most ancient literate cultures scrolls were the earliest format for longer documents written in ink or paint on a flexible background, preceding bound books; [2] rigid media such as clay tablets were also used but had many disadvantages in
There were certainly practical reasons for the change. Scrolls were awkward to read if a reader wished to consult material at opposite ends of the document. Further, scrolls were written only on one side, while both sides of the codex page were used. Eventually, the folds were cut into sheets, or "leaves", and bound together along one edge.
The title was indicated by a label attached to the cylinder containing the book. Many papyrus texts come from tombs, where prayers and sacred texts were deposited (such as the Book of the Dead, from the early 2nd millennium BCE). Papyrus was a common substrate to be used as notarial documents, tax registries, and legal contracts. [13]
The Diary of Merer (also known as Papyrus Jarf) is the name for papyrus logbooks written over 4,500 years ago by Merer, a middle-ranking official with the title inspector (sḥḏ, sehedj). They are the oldest known papyri with text, dating to the 26th year [ 1 ] of the reign of Pharaoh Khufu (reigned in the early 26th century BC, estimated c ...
Joseph von Karabacek (1845–1918), a leading authority in the field of papyrology. Papyrology is the study of manuscripts of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc., preserved on portable media from antiquity, the most common form of which is papyrus, the principal writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
Unglazed pottery shards were used almost as a kind of scratch paper, as ostraka, for tax receipts, and, in Athens, to record the individual nominations of Greek leaders for ostracism. Papyrus was first used during the 4th millennium BC in Egypt.