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Pileup format is a text-based format for summarizing the base calls of aligned reads to a reference sequence. This format facilitates visual display of SNP /indel calling and alignment. It was first used by Tony Cox and Zemin Ning at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , and became widely known through its implementation within the SAMtools ...
The K-groups of finite fields are one of the few cases where the K-theory is known completely: [2] for , = (() +) {/ (), =,For n=2, this can be seen from Matsumoto's theorem, in higher degrees it was computed by Quillen in conjunction with his work on the Adams conjecture.
The group K 1 (R) is closely related to the group of units R ×, and if R is a field, it is exactly the group of units. For a number field F, the group K 2 (F) is related to class field theory, the Hilbert symbol, and the solvability of quadratic equations over completions.
cluster heat map: where magnitudes are laid out into a matrix of fixed cell size whose rows and columns are categorical data. For example, the graph to the right. spatial heat map: where no matrix of fixed cell size for example a heat-map. For example, a heat map showing population densities displayed on a geographical map; Stripe graphic ...
The mapping from rings of integers R to their corresponding class groups is functorial, and the class group can be subsumed under the heading of algebraic K-theory, with K 0 (R) being the functor assigning to R its ideal class group; more precisely, K 0 (R) = Z×C(R), where C(R) is the class group. Higher K groups can also be employed and ...
A coloring using at most k colors is called a (proper) k-coloring. The smallest number of colors needed to color a graph G is called its chromatic number, and is often denoted χ(G). Sometimes γ(G) is used, since χ(G) is also used to denote the Euler characteristic of a graph.
If-then-else flow diagram A nested if–then–else flow diagram. In computer science, conditionals (that is, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs) are programming language constructs that perform different computations or actions or return different values depending on the value of a Boolean expression, called a condition.
For example, whether a number is rising or falling may not be the key factor. More important may be the number relative to another number, such as the size of government revenue or spending relative to the size of the economy (GDP) or the amount of cost relative to revenue in corporate financial statements. [ 97 ]