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Transistors are often organized into logic gates in microprocessors to perform computation. [92] The transistor's low cost, flexibility and reliability have made it ubiquitous. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery.
Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) is similar to resistor–transistor logic (RTL), but the input transistor bases are connected directly to the collector outputs without any base resistors. Consequently, DCTL gates have fewer components, are more economical, and are simpler to fabricate onto integrated circuits than RTL gates.
MOSFET, showing gate (G), body (B), source (S), and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink).. The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) [1] is a type of insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) that is fabricated by the controlled oxidation of a semiconductor, typically silicon.
[111] [112] [113] CFET transistors were explored, which stacks NMOS and PMOS transistors on top of each other. Two approaches were evaluated for constructing these transistors: a monolithic approach which built both types of transistors in one process, and a sequential approach which built the two types of transistors separately and then ...
The SB-FET (Schottky-barrier field-effect transistor) is a field-effect transistor with metallic source and drain contact electrodes, which create Schottky barriers at both the source-channel and drain-channel interfaces. [64] [65] The GFET is a highly sensitive graphene-based field effect transistor used as biosensors and chemical sensors.
An integrated circuit (IC) on a printed circuit board. This is called a solid-state circuit because all of the electrical activity in the circuit occurs within solid materials. Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs).
It is determined by the upper output transistor V 3 operating in active region as an emitter follower. The resistor R 3 does not increase the output resistance since it is connected in the V 3 collector and its influence is compensated by the negative feedback. A disadvantage of the "totem-pole" output stage is the decreased voltage level (no ...
The 1953 machine had 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes, manufactured by STC. It had a 48-bit machine word. The 1955 machine had a total of 200 point-contact transistors and 1,300 point diodes, [3] which resulted in a power consumption of 150 watts. There were considerable reliability problems with the early batches of transistors and ...