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The FIDO2 Project is a joint effort between the FIDO Alliance and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) whose goal is to create strong authentication for the web. At its core, FIDO2 consists of the W3C Web Authentication standard and the FIDO Client to Authenticator Protocol 2 (CTAP2). [6]
FIDO2 is the successor to FIDO Universal 2nd Factor (U2F). Whereas U2F only supports multi-factor mode, having been designed to strengthen existing username/password-based login flows, FIDO2 adds support for single-factor mode.
An authenticator that implements CTAP2 is called a FIDO2 authenticator (also called a WebAuthn authenticator). If that authenticator implements CTAP1/U2F as well, it is backward compatible with U2F. The protocol uses the CBOR binary data serialization format. The standard was adopted as ITU-T Recommendation X.1278. [6] [1]
First YubiKey USB token of the FIDO standard in 2014. The YubiKey is a hardware authentication device manufactured by Yubico to protect access to computers, networks, and online services that supports one-time passwords (OTP), public-key cryptography, authentication, and the Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) and FIDO2 protocols [1] developed by the FIDO Alliance.
Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) is an open standard that strengthens and simplifies two-factor authentication (2FA) using specialized Universal Serial Bus (USB) or near-field communication (NFC) devices based on similar security technology found in smart cards.
Increasingly, FIDO2 tokens, supported by the open specification group FIDO Alliance have become popular for consumers with mainstream browser support beginning in 2015 and supported by popular websites and social media sites. [citation needed] Older PC card tokens are made to work primarily with laptops. Type II PC Cards are preferred as a ...
The development of open standards such as FIDO2 and WebAuthn have further generated adoption of passwordless technologies such as Windows Hello. On June 24, 2020, Apple Safari announced that Face ID or Touch ID would be available as a WebAuthn platform authenticator for passwordless login. [11]
A FIDO2 authenticator, also called a WebAuthn authenticator, uses public-key cryptography to interoperate with a WebAuthn client, that is, a conforming web user agent that implements the WebAuthn JavaScript API. [18] The authenticator may be a platform authenticator, a roaming authenticator, or some combination of the two.