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The hippocampus (pl.: hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse'), also hippocampus proper, is a major component of the brain of humans and many other vertebrates. In the human brain the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum are the components of the hippocampal formation located in the limbic system.
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) or mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a neuropathological condition with severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus. [1] Neuroimaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) may identify individuals with hippocampal sclerosis. [2]
Studies on specific cases demonstrate how particular impaired areas of the hippocampus are associated with the severity of RA. Damage can be limited to the CA1 field of the hippocampus, causing very limited RA for about one to two years. [13] More extensive damage limited to the hippocampus causes temporally graded amnesia for 15 to 25 years. [13]
A second cause is a traumatic brain injury in which damage is usually done to the hippocampus or surrounding cortices. It may also be caused by PTSD, a shocking event, or an emotional disorder. [5] Illness, though much rarer, can also cause anterograde amnesia if it causes encephalitis, which is the inflammation
The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory. Episodic memory is more likely to be affected than semantic memory. The damage is usually caused by head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. People with retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than ...
Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding area can cause anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories. [3] This implies that the hippocampus is important not only for storing cognitive maps, but for encoding memories.
This supports the idea that damage to any part of the extended hippocampal memory system causes similar memory deficits. [4] Other aspects of cognition, such as social cognition and language ability, remain intact after fornix damage. Lesion findings have been extended by work using the non-invasive in vivo technique diffusion-weighted imaging.
However, cognition depends on acquisition and retention of memories, in which the hippocampus, a primary limbic interacting structure, is involved: hippocampus damage causes severe cognitive (memory) deficits. More important, the "boundaries" of the limbic system have been repeatedly redefined because of advances in neuroscience. [42]