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  2. Linear polarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarization

    The term linear polarization (French: polarisation rectiligne) was coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822. [1] See polarization and plane of polarization for more information. The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. [ 2 ]

  3. Butler–Volmer equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler–Volmer_equation

    the low overpotential region (called "polarization resistance", i.e., when E ≈ E eq), where the Butler–Volmer equation simplifies to: = (); the high overpotential region, where the Butler–Volmer equation simplifies to the Tafel equation.

  4. Optical rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rotation

    Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials.

  5. Tafel equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafel_equation

    Tafel plot for an anodic process (). The Tafel equation is an equation in electrochemical kinetics relating the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential. [1] The Tafel equation was first deduced experimentally and was later shown to have a theoretical justification.

  6. Electric susceptibility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_susceptibility

    That is, the polarization is a convolution of the electric field at previous times with time-dependent susceptibility given by (). The upper limit of this integral can be extended to infinity as well if one defines χ e ( Δ t ) = 0 {\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}(\Delta t)=0} for Δ t < 0 {\displaystyle \Delta t<0} .

  7. Polarization (waves) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)

    The first two diagrams below trace the electric field vector over a complete cycle for linear polarization at two different orientations; these are each considered a distinct state of polarization (SOP). The linear polarization at 45° can also be viewed as the addition of a horizontally linearly polarized wave (as in the leftmost figure) and a ...

  8. Polarimeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarimeter

    In contrast to that, the waves of linear-polarized light oscillate in parallel planes. [3] If light encounters a polarizer, only the part of the light that oscillates in the defined plane of the polarizer may pass through. That plane is called the plane of polarization. The plane of polarization is turned by optically active compounds.

  9. Electro-optic modulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulator

    For a linear input polarization (often oriented at 45° to the crystal axis), the output polarization will in general be elliptical, rather than simply a linear polarization state with a rotated direction. Polarization modulation in electro-optic crystals can also be used as a technique for time-resolved measurement of unknown electric fields.