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State of Madras, which had implied the exclusiveness of fundamental rights, and established a relationship between Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution (known as the 'golden triangle' or 'trinity'), [1]: 222 holding that a law depriving a person of 'personal liberty' must not violate any of them.
Personal liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the six freedoms). The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21. [57] In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21A was incorporated.
Dignity is associated with liberty and freedom. No civilised state can contemplate an encroachment upon life and personal liberty without the authority of law. "Neither life nor liberty are bounties conferred by the State nor does the Constitution create these rights. "The right to life has existed even before the advent of the Constitution.
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, 1950, guarantees the right to life to all persons within the territory of India and states: "No person shall be deprived of his right to life and personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." Article 21 confers on every person the fundamental right to life and personal liberty which ...
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which includes dignity, privacy, and personal autonomy. The Supreme Court recognised the rights guaranteed by Article 21 for sexual and gender minority individuals.
Kharak Singh challenged the constitutional validity of Chapter XX of the U. P. Police Regulations stating the provisions violated his fundamental rights under the Constitution: Article 19(1)(d) (dealing with right to freedom of movement) and Article 21 (dealing with protection of life and personal liberty).
Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, expression, assembly, association, movement, and residence; Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses; Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty; Article 21A: Right to education; the right against exploitation (Articles 23-24):
The petitioners argued that deportation by the Indian government would violate the rights guaranteed under Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) of the Indian Constitution, which are available to all persons.