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  2. Precedent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent

    Precedent is a judicial decision that serves as an authority for courts when deciding subsequent identical or similar cases. [1] [2] [3] Fundamental to common law legal systems, precedent operates under the principle of stare decisis ("to stand by things decided"), where past judicial decisions serve as case law to guide future rulings, thus promoting consistency and predictability.

  3. Status quo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo

    Status quo is a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, economic, legal, environmental, political, religious, scientific or military issues. [1]

  4. Idem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idem

    Id. is employed extensively in Canadian legislation and in legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous. [1] Id. is masculine and neuter; ead. (feminine) is the abbreviation for eadem, which also translates to "the same".

  5. Predeterminism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predeterminism

    Predeterminism is the philosophy that all events of history, past, present and future, have been already decided or are already known (by God, fate, or some other force), including human actions.

  6. Interactivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactivity

    Not interactive, when a message is not related to previous messages. Reactive, when a message is related only to one immediately previous message. Interactive, when a message is related to a number of previous messages and to the relationship between them. [2] One body of research has made a strong distinction between interaction and interactivity.

  7. Past - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past

    Thoughts of the Past (John Roddam Spencer Stanhope, 1859). In English grammar, actions are classified according to one of the following twelve verb tenses: past (past, uses of English verb forms, past perfect, or past perfect continuous), present (present, present continuous, present perfect, or present perfect continuous), or future (future, future continuous, future perfect, or future ...

  8. Retraction in academic publishing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_in_academic...

    Self-retraction is a request from an author and/or co-authors to retract its own work from being published. Self-retraction by an author is recommended because once it gets retracted from the journal, then it can affect the author(s) because investigations can begin which will have an effect the author's reputation.

  9. List of placeholder names - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_placeholder_names

    This is a list of placeholder names (words that can refer to things, persons, places, numbers and other concepts whose names are temporarily forgotten, irrelevant, unknown or being deliberately withheld in the context in which they are being discussed) in various languages.