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A fluid dynamics lab experiment illustrates flow past a mountain-shaped obstacle. Downstream wave crests radiate upwards with their group velocity pointing about 45° from horizontal. A downslope jet can be seen in the lee of the mountain, an area of lower pressure, enhanced turbulence, and periodic vertical displacement of fluid parcels.
Wave turbulence; Wingtip vortices; ... 40 (4): 511 – 544. doi: 10.1515 ... v is a characteristic velocity of the fluid with respect to the object (m/s)
At 00:51, winds at Bradley were measured as 170° at 25 knots (13 m/s), gusting to 40 knots (21 m/s), with an altimeter setting of 29.35 inHg (994 hPa) and falling rapidly. This information was not transmitted to the Bradley control tower until 00:57 and was not made available to the flight crew before landing.
40–50 knots (21–26 m/s) is the threshold for survivability at some stages of low-altitude operations, and; several of the historical wind shear accidents involved 35–45 knots (18–23 m/s) microbursts. Wind shear is also a key factor in the formation of severe thunderstorms.
Airy wave theory is often used in ocean engineering and coastal engineering. Especially for random waves, sometimes called wave turbulence, the evolution of the wave statistics – including the wave spectrum – is predicted well over not too long distances (in terms of wavelengths) and in not too shallow water.
13.9–17.1 m/s 13–19 ft 4–5.5 m Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind; spindrift begins to be seen Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking against the wind 8 Gale, fresh gale 34–40 knots 39–46 mph 62–74 km/h 17.2–20.7 m/s 18–25 ft 5.5–7.5 m
The wind gusts were between 30 and 40 knots. Everyone on the ground feared for the pilot's life. [ 17 ] In the same book, the author narrates that an Italian instructor at Rieti had his students climb 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) inside cumulonimbus so that they get accustomed to them.
Standing mountain waves are a source of rising air used in the sport of soaring.Riding these waves, similar in some ways to surfing on an ocean wave, has been widely used to reach great altitudes in sailplanes since they were discovered by German glider pilots, including Wolf Hirth, in 1933 in the Riesengebirge. [5]