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Chapter VII.1 of Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998), Commutative algebra (2nd ed.), Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-64239-0 Chapter 11 of Matsumura, Hideyuki (1989), Commutative ring theory , Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 8 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978-0-521-36764-6 , MR 1011461
Mathematics is essential in the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, computer science, and the social sciences. Although mathematics is extensively used for modeling phenomena, the fundamental truths of mathematics are independent of any scientific experimentation.
In the 2nd century AD, the Greco-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (from Alexandria, Egypt) constructed detailed trigonometric tables (Ptolemy's table of chords) in Book 1, chapter 11 of his Almagest. [11] Ptolemy used chord length to define his trigonometric functions, a minor difference from the sine convention we use today. [ 12 ] (
All India Secondary School Examination, commonly known as the class 10th board exam, is a centralized public examination that students in schools affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education, primarily in India but also in other Indian-patterned schools affiliated to the CBSE across the world, taken at the end of class 10. The board ...
In mathematics, an operation is a function from a set to itself. For example, an operation on real numbers will take in real numbers and return a real number. An operation can take zero or more input values (also called "operands" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is the arity of the operation.
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On 12 April 2018, the police said that Rakesh Kumar, who leaked the class 12 economics paper, had leaked class 10 mathematics paper also. [40] Consequently, the Central Board of Secondary Education has put in place a system of "encrypted" question papers, which are supposed to be printed by the schools half an hour before the exam starts. [41]
In mathematics, the ideal class group (or class group) of an algebraic number field K is the quotient group J K /P K where J K is the group of fractional ideals of the ring of integers of K, and P K is its subgroup of principal ideals. The class group is a measure of the extent to which unique factorization fails in the ring of integers of K.