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The skin colour of amphibians is produced by three layers of pigment cells called chromatophores. These three cell layers consist of the melanophores (occupying the deepest layer), the guanophores (forming an intermediate layer and containing many granules, producing a blue-green colour) and the lipophores (yellow, the most superficial layer).
Excessive shedding of skin is seen in most frog species affected by B. dendrobatidis. [6] [26] These pieces of shed skin are described as opaque, gray-white, and tan. [6] Some of these patches of skin are also found adhered to the skin of the amphibians. [6] These signs of infection are often seen 12–15 days following exposure. [20]
[9] [10] Rollins-Smith has also become known for her work on amphibian skin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Alongside her colleagues, she has provided evidence that the effectiveness of AMPs is a valuable predictor of amphibian species susceptibility to the Bd, [ 11 ] and that AMPs are potent inhibitors of viral infection, including HIV ...
Chromatophores in the skin of a squid. Chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.
The skin also has numerous ring-shaped folds, or annuli, that partially encircle the body, giving them a segmented appearance. Like some other living amphibians, the skin contains glands that secrete a toxin to deter predators. [15] The skin secretions of Siphonops paulensis have been shown to have hemolytic properties. [26]
However, the zoospores are capable of chemotaxis, and can move towards a variety of molecules that are present on the amphibian surface, such as sugars, proteins and amino acids. [9] B. dendrobatidis also contains a variety of proteolytic enzymes and esterases that help it digest amphibian cells and use amphibian skin as a nutrient source. [10]
Amphibians are in decline worldwide, with 2 out of every 5 species threatened by extinction, ... infects amphibians’ skin, prevents them from rehydrating properly and causes heart attacks. ...
The skin of amphibians is a major site of respiration in all species for which measurements are available. [2] Cutaneous respiration is the sole respiratory mode of lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae) which lack lungs entirely yet constitute the largest family of salamanders.