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2. Valve timing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_timing

   EC = Exhaust valve closes; Either valve opens before the piston head reaches top dead centre or bottom dead centre. The amount in crankshaft degrees by which the valves open before top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lead. The amount in crankshaft by which the valves close after top dead centre or bottom dead ...

3. Two-stroke power valve system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_power_valve_system

   This sealed chamber is vented onto the exhaust port when the valve is open. At low RPM this valve is open, this has the effect of increasing the exhaust manifold volume and negating the power loss that would normally be apparent at low RPM with an expansion chamber. At mid RPM the valve is closed, this enables the expansion chamber to work.

4. Valvetrain - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvetrain

   A valvetrain is a mechanical system that controls the operation of the intake and exhaust valves in an internal combustion engine. [1] The intake valves control the flow of air/fuel mixture (or air alone for direct-injected engines) into the combustion chamber, while the exhaust valves control the flow of spent exhaust gases out of the ...

5. Variable valve timing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_valve_timing

   It also improves volumetric efficiency, because there is less exhaust gas to be expelled on the exhaust stroke. [3] Early/late exhaust valve closing Early and late exhaust valve closing timing can be manipulated to reduce emissions. Traditionally, the exhaust valve opens, and exhaust gas is pushed out of the cylinder and into the exhaust ...

6. Internal combustion engine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine

   The exhaust port is connected directly to the cylinder wall. The transfer and exhaust port are opened and closed by the piston. The reed valve opens when the crankcase pressure is slightly below intake pressure, to let it be filled with a new charge; this happens when the piston is moving upwards.

7. Two-stroke engine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine

   They work in one of two ways; either they alter the exhaust port by closing off the top part of the port, which alters port timing, such as Rotax R.A.V.E, Yamaha YPVS, Honda RC-Valve, Kawasaki K.I.P.S., Cagiva C.T.S., or Suzuki AETC systems, or by altering the volume of the exhaust, which changes the resonant frequency of the expansion chamber ...