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Free alkyls occur as neutral radicals, as anions, or as cations. The cations are called carbocations. The anions are called carbanions. The neutral alkyl free radicals have no special name. Such species are usually encountered only as transient intermediates. However, persistent alkyl radicals with half-lives "from seconds to years" have been ...
Vinyl cation. The vinyl cation is a carbocation with the positive charge on an alkene carbon. Its empirical formula of the parent ion is C. 2H+. 3. Vinyl cation are invoked as reactive intermediates in solvolysis of vinyl halides, [1][2] as well as electrophilic addition to alkynes and allenes.
Acyl group. A general acyl group (blue) in a ketone (top left), as an acylium cation (top centre), as an acyl radical (top right), an aldehyde (bottom left), ester (bottom centre) or amide (bottom right). (R1, R2 and R3 stands for organyl substituent or hydrogen in the case of R1) In chemistry, an acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal ...
The association is strongest as a covalent bond and weakest when the pair exists as free ions. [6] In cationic polymerization, the ions tend to be in equilibrium between an ion pair (either tight or solvent-separated) and free ions. [2] The more polar the solvent used in the reaction, the better the solvation and separation of the ions.
In polymer chemistry, anionic addition polymerization is a form of chain-growth polymerization or addition polymerization that involves the polymerization of monomers initiated with anions. The type of reaction has many manifestations, but traditionally vinyl monomers are used. [2][3] Often anionic polymerization involves living polymerizations ...
Carbanion. In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion in which carbon is negatively charged. [1][failed verification] Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid: R3CH + B− → R3C− + HB. where B stands for the base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an sp 3 carbon), alkenes (at an sp 2 carbon ...
Alkylation. Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). [1] Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting alkylation. Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation.
Methyl group. In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3 (whereas normal methane has the formula CH4). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds.