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Twilight anesthesia is also known as twilight sleep and allows an easy awakening and a speedy recovery time for the patient. Anesthesia is used to control pain by using medicines that reversibly block nerve conduction near the site of administration, therefore, generating a loss of sensation at the area administered.
A one-year study in a teaching hospital shows that dogs and cats typically experience a 1 in 9 chance of anesthetic complications, with a 1 in 233 risk of death. [12] A larger-scale study states the risk of death in healthy dogs and cats as 1 in 1849 and 1 in 895 respectively. For sick dogs and cats, it was 1 in 75 and 1 in 71 respectively.
The CPT code revisions in 2013 were part of a periodic five-year review of codes. Some psychotherapy codes changed numbers, for example 90806 changed to 90834 for individual psychotherapy of a similar duration. Add-on codes were created for the complexity of communication about procedures.
Dexmedetomidine, sold under the brand name Precedex among others, is a medication used for sedation. [4] Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses. [10] [11] It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. [5]
Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is given, usually along with an analgesic medication, in order to perform non-surgical procedures on a patient. The overall goal is to induce a decreased level of consciousness while maintaining the patient's ability to breathe on their own.
Alfaxalone is used as an induction agent, an injectable anesthetic, and a sedative in animals. [5] While it is commonly used in cats and dogs, it has also been successfully used in rabbits, [6] horses, sheep, pigs, and exotics such as red-eared turtles, axolotl, green iguanas, marmosets, [7] and koi fish. [8]
Overall, the procedure involves injecting a local anesthetic drug (e.g. lidocaine or bupivicaine) with a 20 gauge spinal needle near the pudendal nerve in order to provide pain relief. [1] [2] Lidocaine is usually preferred for a pudendal block because it has a longer duration than chloroprocaine which usually lasts less than one hour. [5]
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (including Current Procedural Terminology) (for outpatient use; used in United States) ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) (for inpatient use; used in United States) ICD-9-CM Volume 3 (subset of ICD-9-CM) (formerly used in United States prior to the introduction of the ICD-10-PCS)