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  2. Pensky–Martens closed-cup test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensky–Martens_closed-cup...

    This allows the development of an equilibrium between the liquid and the air volume. The ignition source is directed into the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring. The test concludes upon observation of a flash that spreads throughout the inside of the cup. The corresponding temperature is the liquid's flash point.

  3. Flash point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point

    Closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than open cup (typically 5–10 °C or 9–18 °F lower) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the lower flammable limit. In addition to the Penskey-Martens flash point testers, other non-equilibrial testers include TAG and Abel ...

  4. Cleveland open-cup method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_open-cup_method

    The Cleveland open-cup method is one of three main methods in chemistry for determining the flash point of a petroleum product using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus, also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester. [1] First, the test cup of the apparatus (usually brass) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the product.

  5. HAZMAT Class 3 Flammable liquids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_3_Flammable...

    A flammable liquid is a liquid having a flash point of not more than 60 °C (140 °F), or any material in a liquid phase with a flash point at or above 37.8 °C (100 °F) that is intentionally heated and offered for transportation or transported at or above its flash point in a bulk packaging. The following exceptions apply:

  6. List of ISO standards 3000–4999 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards_3000...

    ISO 3679:2015 Determination of flash no-flash and flash point — Rapid equilibrium closed cup method; ISO 3680:2004 Determination of flash/no flash — Rapid equilibrium closed cup method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3679] ISO 3681:2018 Binders for paints and varnishes — Determination of saponification value — Titrimetric method

  7. Fire point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_point

    Most tables of material properties will only list material flash points. In general, the fire point can be assumed to be about 10 °C higher than the flash point, [2] although this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is safety critical. [2] Testing of the fire point is done by open cup apparatus. [2] [3]

  8. Muzzle booster - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_booster

    Animation of the Vickers muzzle booster operation, showing the expanding gases pushing the barrel to the rear relative to the cooling jacket. A Vickers-type muzzle (or recoil) booster, the "typical" type, consists of two parts: a flared "cup" on the muzzle of the barrel, and a perforated tube around the end of the muzzle, attached to the main body of the weapon.

  9. Flash evaporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_evaporation

    If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel so that the flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to as a flash drum. [1] [2] If the saturated liquid is a single-component liquid (for example, propane or liquid ammonia), a part of the liquid immediately "flashes" into vapor.

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