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In medicine, an exacerbation is the worsening of a disease or an increase in its symptoms. [1] Examples includes an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure .
In a mild exacerbation the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is ≥200 L/min, or ≥50% of the predicted best. [114] Moderate is defined as between 80 and 200 L/min, or 25% and 50% of the predicted best, while severe is defined as ≤ 80 L/min, or ≤25% of the predicted best.
Pronunciation follows convention outside the medical field, in which acronyms are generally pronounced as if they were a word (JAMA, SIDS), initialisms are generally pronounced as individual letters (DNA, SSRI), and abbreviations generally use the expansion (soln. = "solution", sup. = "superior").
Acute exacerbation of underlying chronic illness (COPD, asthma, congestive heart failure) [4] Permanent decline in lung function in patients with COPD [3] Immunocompromised Some immunocompromised groups are at higher risk of specific complications, such as: Bone marrow transplant recipients → pneumonia, death [3]
Exacerbations in bronchiectasis present as a worsening of cough, increasing sputum volume or thickened consistency lasting at least 48 hours, worsening shortness of breath (breathlessness), worsening exercise intolerance, increased fatigue or malaise and the development of hemoptysis.
Phonemic notation commonly uses IPA symbols that are rather close to the default pronunciation of a phoneme, but for legibility often uses simple and 'familiar' letters rather than precise notation, for example /r/ and /o/ for the English [ɹʷ] and [əʊ̯] sounds, or /c, ɟ/ for [t͜ʃ, d͜ʒ] as mentioned above.
A Chinese consensus commented on symptomatic types of COPD that include chronic bronchitis with frequent exacerbations. [35] Chronic bronchitis is marked by mucus hypersecretion and mucins. [9] [36] The excess mucus is produced by an increased number of goblet cells, and enlarged submucosal glands in response to long-term irritation. [37]
Many of these are degenerations in the pronunciation of names that originated in other languages. Sometimes a well-known namesake with the same spelling has a markedly different pronunciation. These are known as heterophonic names or heterophones (unlike heterographs , which are written differently but pronounced the same).