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Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) is a motility disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of chest pain or dysphagia as well as nonpropulsive (tertiary) contractions on radiographs. [5] Nutcracker esophagus is characterized by high-amplitude peristaltic contractions that are frequently prolonged and cause dysphagia and chest pain. [6]
Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), also known as distal esophageal spasm, is a condition characterized by uncoordinated contractions of the esophagus, which may cause difficulty swallowing or regurgitation. In some cases, it may cause symptoms such as chest pain, similar to heart disease. In many cases, the cause of DES remains unknown.
The minor criterion is the presence of repetitive contractions (meaning two or more) that are greater than six seconds in duration. Castell also noted that the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes normally in nutcracker esophagus, but has an elevated pressure of greater than 40 mm Hg at baseline.
The tongue is the primary propulsive agent for pumping food through the mouth, into the pharynx while bypassing the airway and through to the esophagus. Recent findings clearly reveal that an age-related change in lingual pressures is another contributing factor to presbyphagia.
Irregularity in the contractions of the esophagus, prominent tertiary contractions of the esophagus, or lack of esophageal contraction (aperistalsis) have all been reported on manometric testing of the esophagus.
Endoscopic image of a non-cancerous peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus, near the junction with the stomach.This is a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, and can be a cause of dysphagia.
These contractions are suspect in esophageal dysmotility and present on a barium swallow as a "corkscrew esophagus". [ 9 ] During vomiting , the propulsion of food up the esophagus and out the mouth comes from the contraction of the abdominal muscles ; peristalsis does not reverse in the esophagus.
Tonic contractions are those contractions that are maintained from several minutes up to hours at a time. These occur in the sphincters of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach. The other type of contractions, called phasic contractions, consist of brief periods of both relaxation and contraction, occurring in the posterior stomach and ...