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Curium(III) oxide is a compound composed of curium and oxygen with the chemical formula Cm 2 O 3. It is a crystalline solid with a unit cell that contains two curium atoms and three oxygen atoms. The simplest synthesis equation involves the reaction of curium(III) metal with O 2− : 2 Cm 3+ + 3 O 2− ---> Cm 2 O 3 . [ 1 ]
Metallic curium is annealed in air or in an oxygen atmosphere: [1] Cm + O 2 → CmO 2. Curium(III) hydroxide and curium(III) oxalate are also usually used for this purpose: Cm(OH) 4 → CmO 2 + 2H 2 O Cm(C 2 O 4) 2 → CmO 2 + 2CO 2 + 2CO. Another way is the reaction of curium(III) oxide in an oxygen atmosphere at 650 °C: [2] 2Cm 2 O 3 + O 2 ...
Cerium(IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. It is a pale yellow-white powder with the chemical formula CeO 2. It is an important commercial product and an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores.
In the second step, a stream of steam oxidises the previously obtained molecule back to its starting state, therefore closing the cycle. [1] Depending on the stoichiometry of the reactions, which is the relation of the reactants and products of the chemical reaction, these cycles can be classified in two categories. [4]
Curium readily reacts with oxygen forming mostly Cm 2 O 3 and CmO 2 oxides, [1] but the divalent oxide CmO is also known. [2] Black CmO 2 can be obtained by burning curium oxalate (Cm 2 (C 2 O 4) 3), nitrate (Cm(NO 3) 3), or hydroxide in pure oxygen. [3] [4] Upon heating to 600–650 °C in vacuum (about 0.01 Pa), it transforms into the whitish ...
Such a chemical process can occur by itself or be caused by an outside force, and involves a chemical reaction of some sort. In an "engineering" sense, a chemical process is a method intended to be used in manufacturing or on an industrial scale (see Industrial process) to change the composition of chemical(s) or material(s), usually using ...
Chemical process modeling is a computer modeling technique used in chemical engineering process design. It typically involves using purpose-built software to define a system of interconnected components, [ 1 ] which are then solved so that the steady-state or dynamic behavior of the system can be predicted.
The solid-state reaction route is the most widely used method for the preparation of polycrystalline solids from a mixture of solid starting materials. Solids do not react together at room temperature over normal time scales and it is necessary to heat them to much higher temperatures, often to 1000 to 1500 °C, in order for the reaction to occur at an appreciable rate.