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Echinocyte (from the Greek word echinos, meaning 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin'), in human biology and medicine, refers to a form of red blood cell that has an abnormal cell membrane characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections. [1] [2] A more common term for these cells is burr cells.
Acanthocyte-like cells may be found in hypothyroidism, after splenectomy, and in myelodysplasia. [12] Acanthocytes should be distinguished from echinocytes, which are also called 'burr cells', which although crenated are dissimilar in that they have multiple, small, projecting spiculations at regular intervals on the cell membrane.
Elliptocytes, also known as ovalocytes or cigar cells, are abnormally shaped red blood cells that appear oval or elongated, from slightly egg-shaped to rod or pencil forms. They have normal central pallor with the hemoglobin appearing concentrated at the ends of the elongated cells when viewed through a light microscope .
Folate helps to reduce the extent of haemolysis in those with significant haemolysis due to hereditary elliptocytosis. [citation needed] Because the spleen breaks down old and worn-out blood cells, those individuals with more severe forms of hereditary elliptocytosis can have splenomegaly. Symptoms of splenomegaly can include: [citation needed]
Section parallel to the surface from the body of the femur. X 100. a, Haversian canals ; b, lacunae seen from the side; c, others seen from the surface in lamella , which are cut horizontally. Nucleated bone cells and their processes, contained in the bone lacunae and their canaliculi respectively.
Döhle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils.They measure 1–3 μm in diameter. Not much is known about their formation, but they are thought to be remnants of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The following bones develop in humans via Intramembranous ossification: [3] Flat bones of the face; Most of the bones of the skull; Clavicles; Other bone that formed by intramembranous ossification are: cortices of tubular and flat bones as well as the calvaria, upper facial bones, tympanic temporal bone, vomer, and medial pterygoid process. [4]
A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one ...