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Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 80 km (50 miles) to 1000 km (600 miles) in altitude, where neutral air is ionized by solar photons, solar particles, and cosmic rays. When high-frequency signals enter the ionosphere at a low angle they are bent back towards the Earth by the ionized layer. [1]
Near vertical incidence skywave, or NVIS, is a skywave radio-wave propagation path that provides usable signals in the medium distances range — usually 0–650 km (0–400 miles). It is used for military and paramilitary communications, broadcasting, [ 1 ] especially in the tropics, and by radio amateurs for nearby contacts circumventing line ...
Here R is the mean Earth radius, H is the mean height of the ionosphere shell. The IPP or Ionospheric Pierce Point is the altitude in the ionosphere where electron density is greatest. [1] These points can change based on factors like time of day, solar activity, and geographical location, which all influence ionospheric conditions. [2]
MADRE over-the-horizon radar at the NRL's Chesapeake Bay Detachment U.S. Navy Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar station. The most common type of OTH radar, OTH-B (backscatter), [3] uses skywave or "skip" propagation, in which shortwave radio waves are refracted off an ionized layer in the atmosphere, the ionosphere, and return to Earth some distance away.
SpaceX’s rocket explosion in November 2023 created a massive hole in the Earth's ionosphere, providing scientists with a rare opportunity to study its effects.
The thermosphere extends from an altitude of 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater ...
Different times of the year and locations have different frequencies of occurrence. In Northern Australia, the most common times are February to April and August to October, when a plasma bubble is expected every night. [1] Plasma bubbles have dimensions around 100 km. [2] Plasma bubbles form after dark when the sun stops ionising the ...