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Dextromethorphan, sold under the brand name Robitussin among others, is a cough suppressant used in many cough and cold medicines. [6] In 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination dextromethorphan/bupropion to serve as a rapid-acting antidepressant in people with major depressive disorder.
Acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, [1] inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, [2] thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ...
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor agents such as physostigmine can be used as an antidote in life-threatening cases. Wider use is discouraged due to the significant side effects related to cholinergic excess including seizures, muscle weakness, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, lacrimation, salivation, bronchorrhea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dextromethorphan acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, σ 1 receptor agonist, and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, among other actions, while bupropion acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator.
Hyoscine butylbromide reduces smooth muscle contraction and the production of respiratory secretions. These are normally stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. As an antimuscarinic, hyoscine butylbromide binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, blocking their effect. [25]
Cloperastine or cloperastin, in the forms of cloperastine hydrochloride (brand names Hustazol, Nitossil, Seki) and cloperastine fendizoate, is an antitussive and antihistamine that is marketed as a cough suppressant in Japan, Hong Kong, and in some European countries. [1] [2] [3] It was first introduced in 1972 in Japan, and then in Italy in 1981.
This crisis may be masked by the concomitant use of atropine along with cholinesterase inhibitor medication in order to prevent side effects. Flaccid paralysis resulting from cholinergic crisis can be distinguished from myasthenia gravis by the use of the drug edrophonium (Tensilon), as it only worsens the paralysis caused by cholinergic crisis ...
Dimemorfan (or dimemorphan) (brand names Astomin, Dastosirr, Tusben), or dimemorfan phosphate (), also known as 3,17-dimethylmorphinan, is an antitussive (cough suppressant) of the morphinan family that is widely used in Japan and is also marketed in Spain and Italy.