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The homozygous mutation causes prenatal onset of recurrent fractures of the ribs and long bones, demineralization, decreased ossification of the skull, and blue sclerae; it is clinically type II or type III. [77] Family members who are heterozygous for OI XVI may have recurrent fractures, osteopenia and blue sclerae. [77] [78]
Daentl Townsend Siegel syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by blue sclerae, kidney malfunction, thin skin, and hydrocephalus. It was first identified by D.L. Daentl et al. in 1978. [ 1 ] Daentl Townsend Siegel syndrome is also known as "Hydrocephalus blue sclera nephropathy" and "Familial nephrosis, hydrocephalus, thin skin, blue ...
Malan syndrome is defined by initial overgrowth and mild-to-severe intellectual disability.Almost all individuals with Malan syndrome display above-average height, weight, and head circumference in early life, but only one-third of adults with Malan syndrome are >2 standard deviations above the mean.
Discoloured teeth - teeth may be amber, brown, blue or opalescent Bulbous shape to the tooth crown due to cervical constriction Tooth wear /Non-carious tooth surface loss (NCTSL) - due to the poorly mineralised dentine, the enamel of the tooth is unsupported and subsequently shears or chips off as it is subjected to biting forces.
In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. People with dark skin can have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation. [4]
Kagami-Ogata syndrome is a rare genetic disease that is caused by mutations on Maternal chromosome 14 or by paternal UPD(14). [1] The main signs of this disease are: polyhydramnios, narrow bell-shaped thorax, coat-hanger-like ribs, abdominal wall defect, enlarged placenta. [2]
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic disease that causes mineralization of elastic fibers in some tissues. The most common problems arise in the skin and eyes, and later in blood vessels in the form of premature atherosclerosis.
Most conjunctivochalasis is thought to be caused by both a gradual thinning and stretching of the conjunctiva that accompanies age and a loss of adhesion between the conjunctiva and underlying sclera as the result of dissolution of Tenon's capsule.