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The actual limit-point mass depends on how opaque the gas in the star is, and metal-rich Population I stars have lower mass limits than metal-poor Population II stars. Before their demise, the hypothetical metal-free Population III stars would have had the highest allowed mass, somewhere around 300 M ☉.
A red supergiant star orbited by a smaller B-type main-sequence star with a radius estimated between 13 [54] and 25 R ☉. [55] Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars. [ 21 ] Another estimate give a radius of 660 R ☉ [ 25 ] based on the Gaia DR3 distance of 1 kpc.
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3, its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.
Massive stars have a minimum mass of 5–10 M ☉. These stars undergo carbon fusion, with their lives ending in a core-collapse supernova explosion. [2] [dubious – discuss] Black holes created as a result of a stellar collapse are termed stellar-mass black holes. The combination of the radius and the mass of a star determines the surface ...
A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity.Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme.
According to stellar evolution theory, no star of such low mass can have evolved to that stage within the age of the Universe. In stars above about 0.4 M ☉ the core temperature eventually reaches 10 8 K and helium will begin to fuse to carbon and oxygen in the core by the triple-alpha process. [6],§ 5.9, chapter 6.
The closest encounter to the Sun so far predicted is the low-mass orange dwarf star Gliese 710 / HIP 89825 with roughly 60% the mass of the Sun. [4] It is currently predicted to pass 0.1696 ± 0.0065 ly (10 635 ± 500 au) from the Sun in 1.290 ± 0.04 million years from the present, close enough to significantly disturb the Solar System's Oort ...
The first list shows a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L ☉ or greater, including the stars in open cluster, OB association and H II region. The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L ☉ are shown, but the list is incomplete. The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison.