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Freeze–thaw desalination (or freezing desalination) uses freezing to remove fresh water from salt water. Salt water is sprayed during freezing conditions into a pad where an ice-pile builds up. When seasonal conditions warm, naturally desalinated melt water is recovered. This technique relies on extended periods of natural sub-freezing ...
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals , or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation , also called normal freezing or progressive ...
Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal desalination of sea water. It uses multiple evaporation – condensation cycles at separate temperature levels to minimize the total energy consumption of solar humidification processes.
Modern Water has deployed forward osmosis based desalination plants in Gibraltar and Oman. [4] [5] [6] In March 2010, National Geographic [7] magazine cited forward osmosis as one of three technologies that promised to reduce the energy requirements of desalination.
In 1964, Alexander Zarchin obtained a patent for seawater desalination. [4] Zarchin's method of sea water desalination involved freezing sea water in a vacuum, forming pure water crystals which are then melted to produce salt-free water. The salt is drained off in the vacuum stage. [5]
Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor, lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. It is not shown how feed water enters other stages than the first. F - feed water in. S - heating steam in. C - heating steam out. W - Fresh water (condensate) out.
Directional freezing can freeze water, from only one direction or side of a container, into clear ice. [1] [2] [3] Directional freezing in a domestic freezer can be done by putting water in a insulated container so that the water freezes from the top down, and removing before fully frozen, so that the minerals in the water are not frozen. [4]
Vapor-compression desalination (VC) refers to a distillation process where the evaporation of sea or saline water is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor. Overview [ edit ]